Note. This figure conceptualizes potential interventions to reduce ageism through downstream, midstream, and upstream factors. Downstream factors are indicated by “*DF,” midstream factors by “*MF,” and upstream factors by “*UF.” The midstream factor “IG Contact” stands for “intergenerational contact.”

a Ageism includes age discrimination, negative age stereotypes, and negative self-perceptions of aging. b Self-efficacy is a mediator within the psychological pathway; physical activity is a mediator within the behavioral pathway; and stress biomarkers are a mediator within the physiological pathway in stereotype embodiment theory (Levy, 2009). c Physical, social, and cognitive engagement may include exercise, volunteering, and technology use, respectively. Stress management may include mindfulness, meditation, and yoga. d Health outcomes may include physical/mental health, functional ability, cognition, less hospitalizations, recovery from disability, less cardiovascular events, and longevity. e This model draws from Burnes et al., 2019; Chang et al., 2020; and Levy, 2009 in particular.